Glossary

Abdomen

The abdomen or abdominal region refers to the part of the body between the pelvis and the chest. Within the abdominal cavity the stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys and spleen are all found.

AB-Life

AB-Life^® collectively refers to three specific strains of Lactobacillus plantarum; including CECT 7527, CECT 7528, and CECT 7529. These three specific strains of probiotic bacteria have been extensively studied for their potential in helping to reduce blood cholesterol levels. In one notable clinical trial, total cholesterol levels were reduced by an average of 14%, when the probiotics were taken over a 3 month period.

Acidophilus (Lactobacillus acidophilus)

Acidophilus is one of the more well-known species of probiotic. As it belongs to the Lactobacillus genus, acidophilus is generally situated in the small intestine within the gut. Acidophilus is known especially for its beneficial effects in preventing traveller’s diarrhoea, Candida overgrowth, and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea or thrush. Healthcare professionals can find out more about this species on the Probiotics Database: Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Acne

Acne is a skin condition characterised by spots. Acne and spots are caused by inflammation of the sebaceous glands, often due to infection from pathogenic bacteria. Acne is therefore often linked to dysbiosis.

Actinobacteria

Actinobacteria belong to a group of Gram-positive bacteria, many of which are found in the soil, and play an important role in decomposition. Most species of Actinobacteria are aerobic which means they require oxygen for growth, however a few such as Actinomyces israelii can grow under anaerobic conditions. Whilst many bacteria which fall under this phyla are beneficial to humans, a few are known pathogens, such as Mycobacterium.

Acute

Acute is a term describing a rapid, sudden or short-lived condition, symptoms, etc. 

Aerobic

Aerobic means involving or requiring Oxygen. Aerobic bacteria are bacteria which need oxygen in order to grow and survive.

Aetiology

Aetiology simply means “the cause” behind the occurrence of an event or health problem. When used in terms of health, it means the “science and study of the cause or origin of a disease”.

Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA)

Alpha-linolenic acid, or ALA, is one of the fats that makes up Omega 3 polyunsaturated essential fatty acid and is found in plant oils such as flaxseeds, pumpkin seed and walnut oils. ALA is converted into EPA & DHA by the body. Some studies have shown Alpha-linolenic acid may help maintain normal cholesterol levels.

Anaerobic

Anaerobic means occurring in the absence of oxygen or not requiring oxygen to live. Anaerobic bacteria produce energy without the presence of oxygen.

Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea

Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, or ADD, refers to diarrhoea that occurs as a result of an antibiotic course. Because antibiotics do not distinguish between good and bad bacteria, in many cases they kill off significant amounts of the body’s natural friendly bacteria, often leading to an upset stomach.

Recent research shows that up to 1 in 5 people stop their course of antibiotics early because they have antibiotic-associated diarrhoea.

Health professionals can find out more about antibiotic-associated diarrhoea over in our sister site, Probiotic Professionals.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics are substances that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria and similar microorganisms. Antibiotics are often prescribed by doctors to treat bacterial infections. As they work against all bacteria in the body, antibiotics destroy good bacteria in the system as well as bad.

Find out more about antibiotics and good bacteria.

Antibody

Antibody also known as an immunoglobulin, is a protein produced by plasma cells. Antibodies are created due to an immune reaction in response to antigens and foreign substance thought to be harmful to the body.

Antimicrobial

An antimicrobial is an agent which actively kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria, fungi or viruses. Antimicrobials take the form of antibiotics, antifungal or antiviral medication, but there are many natural herbal alternatives such as oregano, black walnut and garlic. 

Antioxidants

Antioxidants are nutrients that decrease or slow oxidation, thereby protecting cells from free radicals which can cause degeneration to the body's cells. Antioxidants are therefore thought to protect the heart, arteries, and other tissues, as well as to boost the immune system.

Anti-spasmodic

An anti-spasmodic is a compound, herb or drug that helps relax muscle spasms. Gastrointestinal antispasmodics are often used to help manage pain or cramps associated with IBS.

Arthritis

This is a common disorder that is characterised by joint inflammation and stiffness. A number of factors can contribute to this condition including infection, trauma and age.  Examples of arthritis include osteoarthritis, which involves degeneration of the joints, and rheumatoid arthritis which is a type of autoimmune condition.

Asana

Asana is a body position usually associated with yoga practice. It refers to both the place where the practitioner sits, as well as the posture he or she sits in. Yoga practice is made up of many different asanas, with the aim of achieving greater physical and mental wellbeing. 

Atopic syndrome/Atopy

Those with atopic syndrome have a greater predisposition to develop allergies. This tendency is often hereditary, and so the children of parents with atopic sensitivities have an increased risk of suffering from conditions such as allergic asthma, hay fever/rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis.

Autism

A neural development disorder which affects the way in which a person relates to, communicates with, and views other people and the world around them.  Autism is a spectrum disorder, meaning that the condition will affect different people in different ways; some autistic people will live relatively 'normally' whilst others will have accompanying learning disabilities and require more support.

Asperger's Syndrome is a form of autism; typically associated with fewer learning difficulties, and above average intelligence.  The range of related disorders including autism and Aspergers is called the 'autism spectrum' and people with the disorder are often referred to as having 'Austim Spectrum Disorder' (ASD).  Autism is thought to affect up to 1 in 100 children, and is four times more common in boys than girls.  

It has been suggested, and somewhat documented, that children and adults with autism have a higher than average number of gastrointestinal problems. 

Health professionals can find out more about gut bacteria and autism over in our sister site, Probiotic Professionals.

Autoimmune condition

An autoimmune condition occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. The reason for the immune system developing an inability to recognise the difference between healthy body tissue and harmful substances is unknown, but many health practitioners believe a leaky gut could be to blame.

It is possible for an autoimmune disorder to affect one or more organ or tissue in the body, and a person may suffer from more than one autoimmune disorder at the same time.

There are more than 80 different types of autoimmune disorders, including arthritis, Hashimoto’s Disease, Type 1 Diabetes etc. 

Bacillus coagulans

A member of the Bacilli genus, Bacillus coagulans is a type of lactic acid producing bacteria which is similar to Lactobacillus. Unlike members of the Lactobacilli genus though, it reproduces via spore formation. Some strains of this bacteria have been described as a probiotic, although good clinical evidence investigating its therapeutic uses in humans is lacking, so it may be more correct to refer to them as live cultures. It is able to withstand extreme conditions and is thought to improve functioning of the immune system in humans.

Bacillus subtilis

Commonly found in soil, this type of bacteria has also be shown to be a normal constituent of human commensal bacteria. Also know as the hay or grass bacillus, members of this genus have a protective coating which allows them to tolerate extreme conditions. Natto is a Japanese breakfast food which consists of soybeans that have been fermented with Bacillus subtilis.

Bacteria

Bacteria are unicellular (single cell) microorganisms belonging to the "prokaryote" kingdom of organisms. They are characterised by their lack of specialised internal organs or any organised nucleus. Bacteria are not visible to the human eye and are able to reproduce asexually, growing and dividing their cells at incredible speed. Bacteria can be pathogenic, commensal (unaffecting human health) or beneficial for human health i.e a PROBIOTIC!

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is an imbalance of the healthy microflora in the vagina. Bad bacteria e.g. Gardnerella vaginalis overgrow and cause a ‘fishy’ smell, and a thin white/ grey discharge. It is estimated that 1 in 3 women have BV, and many of these women will suffer in silence. The most common BV treatment is with antibiotics, but the effect is often only temporary and recurrence is high.

Find out more about Bacterial Vaginosis.

Bacteriocin

A bacteriocin is a substance expressed by certain species of bacteria to kill or inhibit the growth of other bacteria of the same family. Examples include Staphylococcin produced by Staphylococcus aureus and colicin, produced by Esherichia coli.

Bacteriome

The term ‘bacteriome' refers to the communities of bacteria that colonise the many epithelial surfaces in the human body, including the skin, intestines, sinus cavity, vagina etc. Whereas the term 'microbiome' refers to all the different micro-organisms (bacteria, yeasts, fungi) that inhabit a given environment, the term 'bacteriome' refers solely to the bacterial populations in the same habitat.

Bacteroides

These are a genus of gram-negative bacteria which makes up a significant proportion of the gastrointestinal bacteria in mammals. They are involved in many important metabolic activities in the human digestive system including helping to break down complex carbohydrates into more simple ones. Bacteroides are beneficial to the host as long as they reside in the gut, although they may cause infections and abscesses if they move to other parts of the body.

Bacteroidetes

The Bacteroidetes group (or phylum) of bacteria is composed of three large classes of gram-negative, non-spore forming, anaerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria. They are widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, sediments and sea water as well as being found in the guts and on the skin of animals.

The Bacteroidia class is the most well studied and is present in the digestive tract of most mammals, and includes the Bacteroides genus.

Barrier Effect

Probiotics such as Lactobacillus acidophilus adhere to the epithelial cells that cover the gut wall lining. The good, probiotic bacteria decrease the amount of available space for pathogens (harmful bacteria) to bind, effectively creating a protective barrier against pathogens; resulting in what is known in microbiology as the 'Barrier Effect'.  The Barrier Effects is one key way in which probiotics are thought to be good for immunity.

Bifidobacteria / Bifidobacterium

Bifidobacterium (singular) or Bifidobacteria (plural) is a genus, or family, of bacteria generally found in the large intestine. Types, or species, of Bifidobacteria include bifidum, infantis and breve. Over the age of 60, levels of Bifidobacteria in particular are thought to largely deplete in the gut.

Healthcare professionals can find out more about Bifidobacteria in the Probiotics Database.

Bifidobacterium bifidum

Bifidum is a probiotic species belonging to the Bifidobacterium family. Bifidobacterium bifidum will naturally reside in the large intestine. Different strains of Bifidobacterium bifidum will have different properties, for example Bifidobacterium bifidum Rosell-71 is β-galactosidase positive (β-galactosidase is an enzyme required for the digestion of lactose.) It is particularly resistant to gastric acidity at a pH over 4, which is why it is recommended to take it at mealtimes.

Bifidobacterium breve

Bifidobacterium breve is a probiotic species believed to have particular benefits in the inhibition of pathogens. Different strains of breve are sourced from different mediums and can have different qualities.  The strain Bifidobacterium breve Rosell-70 for example is a strict anaerobic, gram-positive rod of human origin. This specific strain is both β-galactosidase positive and a-glucosidase positive.

Healthcare professionals can find out more about Bifidobacterium breve in the Probiotics Database.

Bifidobacterium infantis

'infantis' is a probiotic species belonging to a family of bacteria called Bifidobacteria. Bifidobacterium infantis can be found in the microbiota of infants, children and adults, although it is found in higher concentration in infants and is thought to be beneficial for  childrens' wellbeing and immunity. Interestingly, breast-fed infants have shown higher volumes of Bifidobacterium infantis in the faeces than children who were bottled-fed.

As for all probiotics, it is important to look at the specific strain within the infantis species in order to determine its qualities. Bifidobacterium infantis Rosell-33 for example is an anerobic, gram-positive rod isolated in pairs or short chains.

Healthcare professionals can find out more about Bifidobacterium infantis in the Probiotics Database.

Bifidobacterium lactis

Bifidobacterium lactis is a species from the Bifidobacterium genus (family) of probiotics. Bifidobacterium lactis is one of many types of probiotic bacteria in the large intestine that makes up the human microbiota. Different strains of probiotics have been tested for different properties, so as with all all probiotics, it is worth being aware of the specific strain. 

For example, Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12^® has been scientifically researched to help maintain regular bowel movements, and is probably the most researched strain of the B. lactis probiotic in the world. 

Healthcare professionals can find out more about Bifidobacterium lactis in the Probiotics Database.

Bifidobacterium longum

'longum' is a probiotic species from the Bifidobacteria genus, residing in the large intestine. Different strains of Bifidobacterium longum have different properties, for example Bifidobacterium longum Rosell-175 has been found in in-vitro tests to resist gastric acidity at a pH over 3. This particular strain seems to show ability to modulate some immunological parameters of inflammation; in vitro tests on human epithelial cells show Bifidobacterium longum Rosell-175 to downregulate TNF-β and Rantes.

Bifidogenic

The term 'bifidogenic' describes substances with stimulate the growth of probiotics, in particular Bifidobacteria.  Prebiotics should therefore be Bifidogenic in order to fulfil their role. The action of prebiotics on probiotics in the gut is often referred to as the 'bifidogenic effect' or sometimes as the 'bifidus effect'.

Bifidus

The term Bifidus is a little controversial. It appears to be used as a shortened version of 'Bifidobacterium'; a well known family of bacteria thought to have probiotic properties. It is important to use the full and correct probiotic strain name, which includes 3 parts: genus (or family), species and strain. An example in this case therefore would be that Bifidobacterium lactis B1-07. Elsewhere this may be referred to Bifidus lactis. Shortening the name could make remembering and pronouncing the name easier, but we believe strongly in the importance of strain specificity. One strain is not the same as the other, as each has a different role and function in your body, therefore referring to all the various strains of Bifidobacterium with one word to cover all, does not differentiate between the bacteria.

Bile

Bile is the bitter-tasting, yellow to dark green alkaline fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It aids digestion of fats in the small intestine. Some foods can be helpful in stimulating bile production. 

Biofilm

A biofilm is a collection of microorganisms that have adhered to each other upon a surface. The formation of biofilms can occur on living and non-living surfaces and is often a reactionary response to the microorganisms environment. Biofilms are thought to be responsible for most microbial infections in the human body.

Blind Trial

A blind trial is an experiment in which the participants do not know certain information about the experiment in which they are participating. This may include such information as to whether they are in the experimental group or the control group. 

Bloating

Bloating is a feeling of tightness and fullness in the abdomen, often causing a visible protrusion of the abdominal region or tummy. Bloating affects both men and women, and can be caused by excessive intestinal gas, the menstrual cycle, or overeating. It is also thought to be a symptom of dysbiosis.

Bloating can be a symptom of serious illness such as bowel or ovarian cancer. Anyone with persistent bloating should see their GP. This site does not provide medical diagnosis or treatment.

Find out more about bloating.

Blood lipid

Blood Lipids is the term used for all the fatty substances found in the blood, including cholesterol and triglycerides. Lipids join with protein in your blood to form lipoproteins which make energy for your body, so they're important to the cells in your body. There are three types of lipoproteins (also known as cholesterol). High-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein ( LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). HDL is sometimes called the “good cholesterol” because it keeps cholesterol from building up in your arteries. LDL can be thought of as the “bad” cholesterol because high LDL levels can increase your risk of heart attack or stroke. It is the balance between the two which is important when monitoring your cholesterol levels.

BM/BMs

BM or BMs is the acronym used to shorten the words Bowel Movement/Bowel Movements. Also known as a stool or faeces, a bowel movement takes places as food moves through the digestive tract and passes out of the body through the rectum and anus.

Botulism

This is a severe, serious and sometimes fatal form of poisoning caused by a type of bacteria known as Clostridium botulin. It can be contracted from ingesting affected food, wound contamination and can also be found in the soil. It affects the central nervous system and is typified by a range of symptoms including nausea, vomiting, disturbed vision and muscle weakness. 

Bowel

Bowel is term for lower part of the digestive system, comprising of the small and large intestines. From the stomach, food passes through the small intestine where the majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs. It then passes into the large intestine (colon) where water is absorbed and microbes salvage certain nutrients from the remaining indigestible food matter, before excreting the waste material through the rectum and anus.

Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

Broad Spectrum Antibiotics are antibiotics that work on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. These can therefore be used for a variety of bacterial infections.

Caesarean Section

Also known as a cesarean section (American spelling) or a C-section (abbreviation), a caesarean section is the name given to the procedure in which the baby is delivered by surgical extraction from the uterus, as opposed to vaginal birth. C-sections are normally performed when complications arise in pregnancy or labour meaning that vaginal birth is no longer the safest option for mother and/or baby.

Interestingly, a direct positive correlation has been shown between babies born by caesarean section and babies and infants with digestive problems; possibly due to the fact that caesarean babies do not absorb friendly bacteria from the mother's birth canal during the birthing process.

Candida albicans (C. Albicans)

Candida albicans (often simply referred to as Candida) is a yeast-like fungus which feeds on sugar. It can be found in the flora of the mouth, skin, intestinal tract and vagina; many people have small amounts of Candida albicans in the body without experiencing any negative side effects or symptoms. When allowed to overgrow however, Candida albicans can cause inflammation and itching, leading to infections such as thrush. Candida overgrowth cannot be treated by antibiotics as it is fungal, therefore doctors often prescribe anti-fungal medicines, or opt for natural supplements including probiotics.

Healthcare professionals can find out more about probiotics and Candida on our sister site, Probiotic Professionals.

Capsule

Capsules consist of an outer casing that is filled with a powder or liquid, whereas tablets are manufactured by compressing and compacting ingredients together. Capsules usually contain less excipients or fillers than tablets, and are easier to swallow because of their shape. 

Cardiovascular disease

This is a general term which refers to a disease of the heart or blood vessels.

Carminative

A carminative is a herb or compound that helps prevent the formation or promote the elimination of gas from within the digestive system. Carminatives help manage bloating, flatulence, belching and indigestion. 

Cerebrovascular disease

Cerebrovascular disease refers to a group of conditions that develop due to problems with blood supply to the brain. This happens when there is either limited or no blood flow to affected areas of the brain. Hypertension and atherosclerosis are among the main causes. Cerebrovascular disease may be better known as stroke, transient ischemic attack, subarachnoid haemorrhage, vascular dementia.

Charcoal

Charcoal is used in supplemental form as a remedy to help reduce bloating and flatulence. It is available over the counter in pharmacies and natural health stores. It may not be suitable for some people however, such as those taking certain prescription medicines, as it may affect absorption. Always check with your GP first. 

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a fatty substance produced by the body, in the liver. It can also be found in some foods. Cholesterol is carried around the body by two lipoproteins, LDL & HDL. LDL (known as the ‘bad’ cholesterol) carries cholesterol from your liver to your cells, and HDL carries cholesterol back to the liver for excretion from the body. Too much LDL in the blood can cause a build up in the arteries and can increase the risk of heart disease and raised blood pressure. 

Clinical trial

Clinical trials are research studies that involve patients with the aim of exploring various medical treatments for an identified health problem or testing new means for prevention of certain illnesses. These research are carried out under strict conditions to establish the safety of these trials for the general population. Possible side effects and safety cautions are identified in many clinical trials. There are different types of clinical trial, based on the study design. Randomised control trials, cohort studies, and ecological studies are examples of clinical trials.

Clostridia

Members of this ancient genus of bacteria are found throughout the environment in places such as soil, and includes some species which are pathogenic to humans. They are responsible for causing tetanus and some forms of food poisoning. Clostridium difficile is a member of this genus. 

Clostridium difficile

Also called C. diff or C. difficile, Clostridium difficile is a bacteria that occurs in small amounts in many people's large intestine. If the number of Clostridium difficile bacteria increases greatly however, it can lead to infection. People suffering from C. difficile infection experience varied symptoms, from mild or severe diarrhoea to severe inflammation of the bowel. In some cases, particularly amongst the elderly, it can cause death. C. difficile infection is often thought to be caused by antibiotics, which can diminish probiotic levels in the gut and allow for overgrowth of C. difficile. The bacteria can be contagious and is often referred to as a superbug.

For more information, see http://www.cdiff-support.co.uk/.

Coeliac Disease

Coeliac disease is an autoimmune condition caused by an immune reaction to gluten (gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley and rye). According to 'Coeliac UK' the disease affects 1 in 100 people, although only 24% of sufferers have been diagnosed. The ingestion of gluten by a person suffering with coeliac disease, causes damage to the intestinal lining, resulting in an array of symptoms, including: bloating, nausea, diarrhoea, constipation, fatigue, anaemia, and in some cases hair loss. The only treatment for coeliac patients, is to follow a completely gluten-free diet.

Colic

Infant colic is a general term for a condition where the baby cries very often, for long periods of time, with no obvious reason as to why. Colic is often associated with digestive problems such as indigestion, food allergies, gas or intestinal cramps.

Colon

The colon also known as the large intestine is located in the last part of the digestive system. The main role of the colon is to extract water and salt from faeces before they leave the body. Fermentation of unabsorbed material by bacteria also takes place in the colon. Constipation can occur when the colon extracts too much water, making stools harder to pass.

Colonic Inertia

Colonic inertia is a motility condition that affects the muscles in the colon, meaning that waste is passed abnormally through the gut. Colonic inertia is relatively common and often associated with constipation. The condition can sometimes be caused by the long-term use of stimulant laxatives.

Colonise

Microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast live all over the body, in the gut, in the vagina, on the skin etc. When microorganisms stick onto the body, start multiplying, and growing in number they are said to have colonised. Not all bacteria are able to colonise in all areas of the body. Some probiotics are good at colonising in the gut whereas others are good at colonising in the vagina. The ability of a probiotic to colonise can be measured in a lab by assessing how well the probiotic strain sticks onto intestinal cells in a glass dish. Or it can be measured by taking a vaginal swab to see how well the probiotics taken orally have colonised in the vagina.

Commensal bacteria

These non- pathogenic types of bacteria naturally coexist with humans in a non- harmful symbiotic relationship, which does not impact negatively on the health of the human host.

Competitive exclusion

This principle refers to the idea that when two different organisms which require the same resources exist in the same environment, eventually one of them will be eliminated or displaced by the more dominant organism. 

Constipation

Constipation is defined as having difficulty in passing stools, or having hard and dry stools.  Many people now define constipation as having less than 3 bowel movements per week. Constipation is thought to be caused by factors such as lack of fibre in the diet, lack of physical activity, lifestyle changes such as pregnancy, stress and ageing, and by dysbiosis.

Healthcare professionals can find out more about good bacteria and constipation on our sister site, Probiotic Professionals.

Contraindications

These are statements which notify the user of circumstances in which the medicine should not be taken. For example contraindications on common medications often include; pregnant or breastfeeding women, or individuals with high blood pressure. 

Coronary heart disease

Coronary heart disease is a condition of recurring chest pain. This happens when part of the heart is not receiving enough blood. Coronary heart disease is sometimes called Ischemic heart disease. Coronary heart disease usually develops when cholesterol particles in the blood start to collect in the arteries and stick to the artery wall. Eventually these deposits of cholesterol becomes hard and form plaques which may narrow the artery. This can then decrease blood flow and therefore the amount of oxygen which is supplied to the heart muscle. Signs and symptoms of coronary heart disease can either develop slowly or quickly. Some people have no symptoms at all, but more often than not people experience severe chest pain (angina) and a shortness of breath. This can of course pose a risk of a heart attack.

Crohn's Disease

Crohn's is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in which parts of the digestive tract become swollen and develop ulcers. Generally located in small intestine and/or colon, Crohn's can in fact develop anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anus.

Healthcare professionals can find out more about IBD on our sister site, Probiotic Professionals.

Cystitis

Cystitis is an infection of the bladder particularly affecting women, causing symptoms such as a burning sensation during urination as well as a frequent need to urinate. Cystitis is usually caused by pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli entering the urethra and travelling to the bladder. Evidence suggests that maintaining healthy levels of friendly bacteria help promote balanced levels of vaginal flora.

Healthcare practitioners can find out more about friendly bacteria and cystitis on our sister site, Probiotic Professionals.

Cytokine

Cytokines are cell signalling molecules that modulate the immune system response. Cytokines can either be peptides, proteins or glycoproteins, and they include the sub-groups: interleukins, in***feron and growth factors. Their main purpose is to initiate the movement of cells towards sites of either trauma, infection or inflammation. 

Defecation

Defecation refers to the final stage of the digestive process where waste material (stools or faeces) is expelled from the body via the anus. 

Diabetes (Type 1)

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition, where the body's own immune system attacks the pancreas, the organ in the body that produces insulin. The resulting damage to the organ results in the pancreas being unable to produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels in the body. Very high levels of blood glucose can be life-threatening, and so sufferers of this condition must inject insulin daily.

Diarrhea/Diarrhoea

Diarrhoea is defined as frequent, loose and watery stools or bowel movements.  Diarrhoea can be caused by numerous factors including food poisoning, IBS and Colitis.

(Diarrhea is the American spelling)

Dietary fibre

Dietary fibre refers to indigestible components of fruits and vegetables. Dietary fibre is often classified into two groups:

Soluble fibre (including prebiotics) - which is digested by the microbes of the body and fermented in the colon, creating gas and physiologically active byproducts.

Insoluble fibre - aids defecation by absorbing water as it passes through the digestive system.

Digestion

Taking place in the gastrointestinal tract, this term refers to the mechanical processing and enzymatic breakdown of foods into smaller parts which are more easily utilised and absorbed by the body.

Digestive enzymes

Digestive enzymes are found in the digestive tract and aid in the breakdown of complex macromolecules such as carbohydrates and protein, into their smaller parts. These more simple molecules are then able to be absorbed and utilised by the body more easily. Digestive enzymes are secreted by glands throughout the digestive system including salivary glands which produce saliva and secretary cells in the pancreas and stomach.

Diuretic

A diuretic increases the excretion of both water and electrolytes from the body as urine. They are available in synthetic form as medication, or naturally in foods such as herbs.

Diverticulosis / Diverticulitis

Diverticulosis is a condition that can occur when the walls of the colon become weakened, sometimes due to long term constipation which exerts pressure on the walls of the gut. Diverticulosis refers to the formation of small pockets or pouches in weak points of the intestine; pouches known as 'diverticula'. Diverticulitis is the disease in which the diverticula (pouches) become inflamed or infected. Diverticulitis is much more common in older people.

Research suggests that having a healthy balance of friendly bacteria in the gut can reduce the risk of diverticulosis and diverticulitis. Healthcare professionals can find out more about good bacteria and diverticulosis on our sister site, Probiotic Professionals.

Double-blind trial

A double-blind trial refers to a scientific experiment in which both the test subjects and the research team are prevented from knowing certain pieces of information (i.e which control group is taking a placebo) that may lead to conscious or subconscious bias - which would invalidate the results.

Dysbiosis

Dysbiosis, Dys-symbiosis, or dysbacteriosis is the condition which describes an imbalance of beneficial and pathogenic bacteria in the body. (ie. too few beneficial bacteria in the gut.) Dysbiosis can be caused by factors such as travel, ageing, or taking antibiotics, which kill off both good and bad bacteria in the system.  It is possible for people to take a particularly long or strong course of antibiotics at some point in their lives, and still suffer from dysbiosis many years later.  

Dysbiosis is thought to contribute to a number of health issues including, but not limited to, IBS, food intolerances and allergies, weight gain, poor skin health, poor immunity, low energy levels, Candida and/or thrush.

E.coli

The full name of this rod-shaped bacteria is Escherichia coli, and it is found commonly in the lower intestine of humans. The harmless strains of this bacteria are normal residents of the gut, although some serious strains can cause food poisoning, diarrhoea and meningitis.

Eczema

Eczema is a type of dermatitis (inflammation of the upper layers of the skin.) The symptoms of eczema include itching, scaling, dryness and redness of the skin.  Eczema has been linked to food allergies and dysbiosis.

Healthcare practitioners can find out more about good bacteria and eczema on our sister site, Probiotic Professionals. 

Electrolytes

Electrolytes, which include sodium, potassium, magnesium and chloride, are positively or negatively charged ions within our cells. Our cells use electrolytes to carry electrical impulses across themselves and other cells, and our kidneys work to keep the electrolyte concentrations in our blood constant despite changes in our body.

Elimination Diet

An elimination diet involves us removing certain foods from the diet in order to determine if they are triggering symptoms such as bloating and digestive discomfort. The foods are then slowly re-introduced and the symptoms recorded. It is regarded by many natural health professionals as the gold standard in determining food intolerances. 

Endogenous

The term 'endogenous' means to originate or develop internally within an organism, tissue or cell. Endogenous bacteria are those which reside within a closed system such as bacterial gut flora which live in the gastro-intestinal tract.

Enteric Nervous System

A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, the enteric nervous system is responsible for innervating and controlling the gastrointestinal tract and digestive processes. Also known as the intrinsic nervous system, it has been described as the 'second brain' and can function autonomously, although it does require communication with the central nerovus system to function effectively.

Enterococcus faecium

E. faecium is a bacterial species believed to have probiotic properties by some. However, strains of this species have also exhibited pathogenic tendencies and research also suggests that certain strains may carry vancomycin resistant genes. We do not carry this species of bacteria in our supplement range and will not do so until further research is done. Read about Probiotics for IBS here.

Enterotype

The word 'enterotype' refers to a category of bacterial organisms, based on the balance of various kinds of bacteria in the human microbiome. A study published in Nature^¹ in April 2011 announced the discovery of three human enterotypes; defined by the bacterial family which dominates within the group, whether that be Ruminococcus, Bacteroides, or Prevotella bacteria.

Further research published in September 2011^² has now suggested that one's dietary habits may affect one's enterotype.

References:

1. Arumugam, Manimozhiyan, Raes, Joroen, et al. (April 2011). Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature. doi: 10.1038/nature09944.

2. Wu, G.D., Chen, J., Hoffman, K., Bittinger, Y, Chen, Y., et al Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes' Science. doi: 10.1126/science.1208344

Epithelium

Lining most internal and external surfaces of an animal’s body, this type of tissue consists of one or more layers of tightly packed cells. It encloses and protects parts of the body including the organs.

Esophagus

American spelling for Oesophagus.

Eukaryotic cell

These are cells that contain a nucleus which contains DNA bound together into chromosomes. These types of cells also contain organelles that have specific functions within the cell. The organelles sometimes have a membrane, and sometimes don’t. Different eukaryotic cells contain different organelles depending on the type, function, and location of that particular cell.

Fatty acids

A fatty acid is a molecule made up of a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group (known as COOH). A collection of these molecules makes up fat. It is the combination of fatty acids making up a type of fat which control many of the fat's specific characteristics, such as its appearance, and whether it is liquid or solid at room temperature. Fatty acids are found in different forms such as unsaturated, saturated and essential fatty acids. 

Fermentation

Fermentation is an anaerobic metabolic process that involves the breakdown of organic compounds like carbohydrates into acids, gases or alcohol.

Fibre

Fibre is a food type which is not easily broken down by the digestive system, and which therefore passes through much of the digestive system largely unchanged. Fibre is essential to the body's healthy digestion, and is absolutely necessary for regular bowel movements. A high fibre diet has been linked to a reduced risk of bowel cancer, and to fewer digestive health issues like bloating. Fibre can be found in fruit and vegetables, beans and pulses, wholegrain bread and brown rice, amongst others. 

Firmicutes

Firmicutes are a phylum, a large family, of bacteria. The Lactobacilli and Clostridia generas both belong to this phylum.

Flatulence

A normal by-product of the digestive process. Flatulence refers to the expulsion of gases (flatus) produced by bacterial activity in the bowel, through the rectum. 

Flaxseeds

Also known as linseeds, flaxseeds are the seeds from a herbaceous plant typically grown in cooler regions of the world. They are either brown or golden in colour, and are rich in fibre and Omega 3 essential fatty acid Alpha Linolenic Acid (ALA). 

FODMAPS

FODMAPs are types of carbohydrates found in certain foods, including wheat/rye and beans/lentils. These short chain carbohydrates (sugars) cannot be broken down by the body and absorbed by the bowel, and studies have shown strong links between FODMAPs and digestive symptoms like gas, bloating, stomach pain, diarrhea and constipation. Individuals may choose to follow a low FODMAP diet if suffering from common digestive disorders.

Framingham risk score

Framingham risk score is an algorithm used to estimate the 10-year cardiovascular risk of an individual. It takes into account age, gender, cholesterol levels, blood pressure, as well as occurrence of smoking and diabetes.

Free Radicals

A free radical is an unstable and highly reactive molecule which can do damage to cells in the body. They are thought to contribute to a range of diseases including cardiovascular disease, cancer as well as the aging process. Free radicals can come from environmental factors such as smoking and air pollution but are also natural by-products of bodily processes such as metabolism. Free radical damage can be minimised by the use of antioxidants.

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS)

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) is one of the most well-known prebiotics. Naturally occurring in foods such as chicory root, the prebiotic FOS has a slightly sweet taste and can be used as a natural sweetener instead of sugar. Unlike sugar however, prebiotics such as FOS cannot be digested or absorbed by the human body, and therefore pass through the digestive tract to the large intestine where they act as a food source for probiotics. FOS has been shown to stimulate certain types of beneficial bacteria more than others, often those of the Bifidobacteria genus in particular.

Find out more about prebiotics.

Fungus

A fungus is a member of a large group of spore-forming organisms that range from microorganisms such as yeasts and moulds to the more familiar mushroom. They play a vital role in the decomposition of organic matter and the nutrient cycle.

GALT (Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue)

The Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue, or GALT, comprises of several types of lymphoid tissue that work to protect the body from invasion. These lymphoid tissues include Peyer's patches, tonsils and adenoids.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

GABA is an amino acid found in the brain, that functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. It has a calming effect on nerve impulses in the brain, making it a natural 'relaxation agent'. A deficiency of GABA can lead to feelings of anxiety, tension headaches and even reduced cognitive function as the nervous sytem becomes over-stimulated and agitated. 

Gardnerella vaginalis

This is a predominantly pathogenic (harmful) bacteria that lives in the vaginal tract. If populations of friendly bacteria in the vaginal tract deplete e.g. strains of Lactobacillus, then this allows space and nutrients for Gardnerella vaginalis to overgrow and cause symptoms of Bacterial Vaginosis (BV). Gardnerella vaginalis can be treated with antibiotics, but often the infection will return within a few months. The natural way to promote a healthy balance of the vaginal microflora and keep Gardnerella vaginalis at bay, is to increase the levels of friendly Lactobacillus bacteria in the vagina.

Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis, or gastric flu, is an infection of the gut (usually the stomach or intestines). The infection can be viral, bacterial or parasitic; and is often caused by consumption of contaminated food or drinks. Symptoms include diarrhoea, abdominal cramping, bloating, nausea and vomiting.

Having a healthy balance of friendly bacteria in the gut is thought to lessen the risk of gastroenteritis, as well as relieving symptoms and quickening recovery.

Gastro-intestinal tract

The gastro-intestinal tract, or simply 'gut', refers to the entire passage between a human's mouth and anus, including the oesophagus and stomach. This system of organs takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), or simply acid reflux disease, is caused by stomach acids escaping the stomach into the oesophagus, causing mucosal damage of the oesophagus lining or chronic symptoms; the most common being frequent heartburn.

The condition usually occurs due to a spontaneous and unnecessary opening of the barrier muscles between the stomach and oesophagus. Possible reasons for this have been cited as; a hiatal hernia or abnormal relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter.

Genus

A genus is a group of related or similar organisms, and can be referred to as a 'family'. A genus contains one or more species. Examples of probiotic genera include Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus.

Gluten

Gluten is a family of proteins found in grains like wheat, spelt, rye and barley. These proteins form a sticky substance when flour is mixed with water and is what makes dough elastic. The two main proteins are glutenin and gliadin, the latter of which can have negative effects on health.

Gluten-free diet

This is a diet which advocates avoiding all gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. Gluten causes an autoimmune reaction in those with coeliac disease and is believed to cause sensitivity and gut inflammation in many other people.

Gram-negative bacteria

This group of bacteria are known as ‘gram-negative’ as they don’t change colour when coming into contact with a staining method known as Gram’s method. This method is used to classify different types of bacteria. Gram- negative bacteria usually have thin cell walls and include members of the E. coli genus.

Gram-positive

This group of bacteria is known as ‘gram-positive’ as they change colour when coming into contact with a staining method known as Gram’s method. This method is used in order to classify different types of bacteria. ‘Gram-positive’ bacteria have a thick cell wall (made out of peptidoglycan) which take on the purple stain.

Grape Seed Extract

Grape Seed Extract is made up of natural derivatives from whole grape seeds, usually containing the antioxidants oligomeric proanthocyanidins, (OPCs). Grape Seed Extract has been linked to numerous possible benefits, including lowering blood pressure and destroying cancer cells.

For further information on Grape Seed Extract, please see this article by the BBC.

Green Tea Extract

Green Tea Extract is a powerful antioxidant, thought to be more than 200 times more potent than vitamin E in tackling free radicals. Many people take Green Tea Extract to reduce the risk of cancer or infection, or to maintain normal cholesterol and to support slimming.

Gullet

The gullet, or oesophagus is the tube connecting the mouth (or pharynx) to the stomach. The transit of food down the gullet is aided by muscle contractions, or peristalsis.

Gut Flora

'Gut flora' refers to the microorganisms that live within the body's digestive tract, mostly comprised of bacteria, including both probiotics and pathogenic bacteria.

Find out more about gut flora.

Gut integrity

Gut integrity refers to the health of the structure of the intestinal lining. An impairment of this gastrointestinal lining increases the risk of developing GI diseases, food intolerances, inflammation in the body and infections. Gut integrity can be damaged by a number of things prominent in modern life such as antibiotics, parasites, unhealthy diet, and sugar.

Haemorrhoids/Piles

Haemorrhoids, or piles, are swollen veins in the anal canal and rectum. Haemorrhoids can be external (occurring outside the anal verge) or internal (occuring inside the rectum). Symptoms of haemorrhoids include swelling, pain, itching, irritation, and bright red blood. Piles or haemorrhoids are thought to be caused by excessive straining during bowel movements; often due to constipation.

Factors such as increased fluid intake, more exercise, and eating high fibre diets are thought to help prevent the development of haemorrhoids.

HDL

HDL (high-density lipoprotein) allows the transportation of fatty substances such as cholesterol and triglycerides around the bloodstream. HDL is small and dense and contains the highest ratio of protein to cholesterol. It is often referred to as the 'good cholesterol' as people with higher levels of this lipoprotein tend to be at lower risk of heart disease. HDL carries cholesterol away from the organs to the liver where it is mixed with bile, broken down and passed out of the body in the stool. 

Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori, usually just referred to as H. pylori, is a pathogenic bacteria that grows in the stomach and is the main cause of many ulcers and stomach inflammation. H. pylori can weaken the protective coating of the stomach, leaving it vulnerable to digestive acids and consequent irritation. Many people carry small amounts of the bacteria in their system to no ill-effect but lifestyle factors such as consumption of alcohol, coffee and smoking increase the risk of a H. pylori instigated ulcer.

Histamine

Histamine is a naturally occurring compound involved in triggering inflammatory pathways. Histamine is also a neurotransmitter involved in regulating numerous functions. 

Homeostasis

Homeostasis refers to the coordination of the body's many systems, to maintain and regulate a stable internal environment (affected by temperature, pH, etc) in which the body can function optimally. 

Hormone

A hormone is a chemical messenger that is released by a gland or cell in one part of the body, which has an action on cells in another part of the body. Hormones work by controlling and regulating bodily functions such as metabolism and digestion.

Hypoallergenic

The term hypoallergenic refers to a limited or decreased tendency to trigger allergic reactions. Many of those with food allergies or intolerances benefit from a diet of hypoallergenic foods. 

Immune system

The human immune system is a complex system of cells, processes and biological structures that protects the body from pathogenic microorganisms. The mucosal lining of the gut, which is maintained by probiotics, plays an important part in this system and is considered the front line against disease.

Healthcare practitioners can find out more about probiotics and the immune system on our sister site, Probiotic Professionals.

Immunomodulatory

Immunomodulatory is where something such as a supplement, medication or chemical is capable of changing or modifying the immune response.

In vitro

Commonly known as ‘test tube’ experiments, these types of studies usually isolate components of an organism in an artificial laboratory environment so that certain factors can be more easily controlled. An example of this is in vitro fertilisation, whereby the egg is fertilised by sperm in equipment outside the body.

In vivo

In vivo experiments involve complete living organisms such as animal studies and clinical trials involving humans. In vitro experiments are another type of research.

Increased intestinal permeability

This occurs when the tissue lining the gut wall becomes damaged and allows certain substances such as toxins, microbes and undigested food to leak through the gut wall and into the blood stream. A healthy gastrointestinal system usually allows certain substances to pass through the gut wall such as water, vitamins and minerals but provides a barrier against other substances passing through. Increased intestinal permeability plays a key role in leaky gut syndrome. 

Healthcare professionals can find out more about leaky gut over in our sister site, Probiotic Professionals.

Indigestion

Indigestion (or dyspepsia) generally describes pain or discomfort in the chest or abdomen, that usually develops during or shortly after eating or drinking. 

Inflammation

Inflammation is part of a complex bodily response to infection or injury. This could be a mechanical, chemical, viral, bacterial, or biologic cause of damage. The body reacts with reddening, swelling, heat, pain and loss of function. The term inflammation is usually used with a specific area of the body in mind but is now often used to refer to the general increase in an ‘inflammatory state’ in the body. Inflammation is a natural and healthy response, however, persistent, systemic inflammation can lead to illness.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) refers to both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease; both of which cause intestinal inflammation and symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea.

For a unique probiotic with anti-inflammatory properties, see Saccharomyces boulardii.

Healthcare professionals can read more about probiotics and IBD on our sister site, Probiotic Professionals.

Insulinemia

Insulinemia is the term used to describe high levels of circulating insulin in the blood. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, and its role is to help the liver, muscle and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood and convert it to glycogen that is stored in the liver and muscles.  A diet high in sugar may cause insulin resistance, when the cells of the body become less sensitive to insulin, therefore increased quantities of insulin are found in the blood. Insulin resistance is seen as a risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes and heart disease.  

Interleukins

Interleukins are a family of cytokines which are a group of naturally occurring proteins that are responsible for signaling between cells. Interleukins may regulate cell growth but they are particularly important in stimulating immune responses, such as inflammation.

Intestinal failure

This occurs when a large portion of the small intestine does not function normally or is not present. It usually occurs due to surgical removal or infant’s can also be born with abnormal intestines. Symptoms of intestinal failure include diarrhoea, weight loss, bloating and vomiting and if left untreated, digestion can be compromised and may lead to dehydration, malnutrition and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.

Inulin

Inulin is a prebiotic, and a natural polysaccharide (several simple sugars linked together) occurring in the roots and tubers of certain plants such as chicory.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract characterised by varying symptoms such as bloating, abdominal pain or discomfort; accompanied by diarrhoea or constipation or alternation between the two.

For further reading, see: Which probiotics are for IBS?

Ischemic heart disease

Ischemic heart disease is a condition of recurring chest pain. This happens when part of the heart is not receiving enough blood. Ischemic heart disease may also called coronary heart disease. Ischemic heart disease usually develops when cholesterol particles in the blood start to collect in the arteries and stick to the artery wall. Eventually these deposits of cholesterol becomes hard and form plaques which may narrow the artery. This can then decrease blood flow and therefore the amount of oxygen which is supplied to the heart muscle. Signs and symptoms of ischemic heart disease can either develop slowly or quickly. Some people have no symptoms at all, but more often than not people experience severe chest pain (angina) and a shortness of breath. This can of course pose a risk of a heart attack.

Jejunum

The jejunum is part of the small intestine which lies between the duodenum and the ileum. The jejunum alone is roughly 9 feet in length, and is key in the absorption of nutrients during digestion.

Kefir

Kefir is a thick, fermented milk originating from the Caucasian mountains, made with kefir grains; a combination of bacteria, yeast and polysaccharides. Kefir is often referred to as a 'probiotic' as it is thought to contain bacteria and yeasts that are beneficial to the body. Officially a probiotic or not, we would say that it is certainly a rich source of natural live cultures.

Lacidofil

'Lacidofil' is a probiotic blend of two well-researched strains from the Institut Rosell; Lactobacillus acidophilus Rosell-52 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus Rosell-11. The two strains together have been researched and praised for a few various health applications, including; antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, H. pylori eradication, acute gastroenteritis in children and digestive health support.

Lactic acid

Lactic acid is a metabolic intermediate involved in many biochemical processes. It is also the end product of glycolysis which is a metabolic process in which glucose is eventually broken down into lactic acid molecules. Lactic acid bacteria, or LAB, are a group of gram-positive bacteria that ferment sugars into lactic acid. This acidity both inhibits the growth of competing or pathogenic bacteria, as well as allowing them to withstand the increased acidity from organic acid production. Therefore, these particular bacteria are used a lot in the food industry.

Lactobacilli / Lactobacillus

The probiotic species 'casei' belongs to the Lactobacillus genus; like acidophilus or rhamnosus. Lactobacillus casei is a probiotic species widely found in dairy products such as yoghurt and cheese. As always, one should look at a probiotic strain and not simply the species; an example of a strain of Lactobacillus casei is Lactobacillus casei Rosell-215.

Healthcare professionals can find out more about Lactobacillus on the Probiotics Database. 

Lactobacillus casei

The probiotic species 'casei' belongs to the Lactobacillus genus; like acidophilus or rhamnosus. Lactobacillus casei is a probiotic species widely found in dairy products such as yoghurt and cheese. As always, one should look at a probiotic strain and not simply the species; an example of a strain of Lactobacillus casei is Lactobacillus casei Rosell-215.

Healthcare professionals can find out more about Lactobacillus casei in the Probiotics Database.

Lactobacillus paracasei

Lactobacillus paracasei is a species of probiotic that belongs to the Lactobacilli genus. Lactobacillus paracasei will naturally reside in the small intestine and different strains of L. paracasei will have different properties. For example, L. paracasei Lpc-37^® has shown particular strength in inhibiting pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Escheria coli and Listeria monocytogenes. L. paracasei Lpc-37^® has shown to stimulate a specific immune response of the cell wall lining of the gut known to ward off viruses and support anti-allergy responses.

Healthcare professionals can find out more about Lactobacillus paracasei in the Probiotics Database.

Lactobacillus plantarum

A versatile member of the Lactobacillus family of bacteria, this probiotic species is commonly found in fermented foods such as sauerkraut, and was first isolated from saliva. It is a natural resident of the human gastrointestinal tract.

This species has been connected to IBS (although we would always stress the importance of strain-specificity) - in that a certain strain of Lactobacillus plantarum has been well researched in IBS sufferers. Other strains of the plantarum species have been researched in other groups of people, for example the strains CECT 7527, CECT 7528 and CECT 7529 have been tested and shown to help maintain healthy cholesterol levels.

Healthcare professionals can find out more about Lactobacillus plantarum in the Probiotics Database.

Lactobacillus reuteri

(Pronounced roy - ter – ee) This species of probiotic occurs naturally in the digestive system of many people. There are a few strains within the Lactobacillus reuteri species which have been shown in clinical trials to be beneficial for certain health conditions. For example, some strains of L. reuteri have been used in clinical trials looking at oral health, and colic in babies. The strain L. reuteri RC-14® is one of the most well researched strains in the Lactobacillus reuteri family, with 26 clinical trials in combination with L. rhamnosus GR-1® for symptoms of cystitis, vaginal thrush and BV.

Healthcare professionals can find out more about Lactobacillus reuteri in the Probiotics Database.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus

Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a naturally occurring probiotic species of the intestinal and vaginal microbiota. It is thought to reside primarily in the small intestine with similar species such as acidophilus. One specific strain of rhamnosus is Lactobacillus rhamnosus Rosell-11, which has shown strong capability to adhere to intestinal cell linings.

Another well researched strain is Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1®, which has been extensively trialled in the area of women's intimate health.

Healthcare professionals can find out more about Lactobacillus rhamnosus in the Probiotics Database.

Lactococcus lactis

Lactococcus lactis is a probiotic species of bacteria that has been used for many years in the meat industry thanks to its ability to inhibit the growth of the pathogenic bacteria which degrades meat. Rosell 1058 is a specific strain of Lactococcus lactis which has been isolated from a kefir culture. It is both β-galactosidase positive and a-glucosidase positive.

LDL

LDL, or low-density lipoprotein, is a lipoprotein that carries cholesterol around the body. As cholesterol is a fatty substance and cannot dissolve in the blood, it requires a carrier to transport it around the body. LDL particles tend to be less dense than other lipoproteins and as a result are also known as 'bad cholesterol' due to their ability to deposit fat molecules in cells walls. This then attracts white blood cells, which can cause a build-up, leading to blocked arteries (atherosclerosis). 

Leaky gut syndrome

This is a term which is used to describe increased intestinal permeability in the lining of the digestive system. Leaky gut syndrome is a condition where the lining of the digestive system is impaired and damaged and therefore lets substance such as microbes, undigested food and toxins leak through the gut wall. This condition can impact negatively on digestion and is also thought to play a role in the development of certain autoimmune conditions. Although leaky gut syndrome is not completely understood, it is thought that factors such as stress, alcohol consumption, dysbiosis and the overuse of certain pharmaceuticals may play a role.

Healthcare professionals can find out more about leaky gut on our sister site, Probiotic Professionals. 

Lipids

Lipids are substances such as fat, oil, and wax which can be dissolved in alcohol but not water. Lipids are an important part of the living cell as they serve as fuel for the cell, as well as being an important part of the cell structure.

Live cultures

Often used interchangeably with the term probiotics, live cultures refer to beneficial microorganisms which are commonly found in foods such as yogurt. Due to new European legislation, 'live cultures' may replace the term probiotic to describe friendly bacteria such as Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Lumen

In biology, a lumen refers to the space inside of a tubular structure such as the oesophagus, arteries, veins or intestines.

Lyophilisation

Lyophilisation is a safe, sophisticated stabilisation technique, also known as freeze drying, which preserves cell structures without harming them. The process is used for materials such as; food, blood, human tissue, pharmaceuticals or, in our case, probiotics.

Malabsorption

Malabsorption refers to an inability to fully absorb the nutrients from food. 

Meconium

The first few stools or faeces of a newborn infant are known as meconium. Unlike adult stools, meconium is almost odourless and is often dark olive green in colour and sticky like tar.

Melaena

Melaena refers to dark "tarry" faeces that are associated with bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, or the swallowing of blood. The dark colour is a consequence of the haemoglobin in the blood being altered by digestive secretions and intestinal bacteria. Probiotics are not recommended for those experiencing melaena. For further information on this please read the FAQ on when not to take probiotics.

Meta analysis

This is an examination of data from a number of independent studies of the same subject in order to decide what the overall trends may be.

Metagenome

The term metagenome refers to the genetic material which is present in a sample taken from the environment, and is made up of the genomes (genetic information) of an array of individual microorganisms.

Methane-producing bacteria

Also known as methanogens, these types of organisms produce methane as a by-product of their metabolism, which among other things, contributes to flatulence production in humans. They thrive in low oxygen environments such as the human gut and have also been found in extreme conditions such as deep glaciers and in hot desert soil.

Microbe

A microscopic organism, such as a bacterium, fungus or virus.

Microbiome

A microbiome encompasses the entirety of microbes in a defined habitat, including all of their genetic make-up and their environmental interactions. For example; a human microbiome (all of the microbes that we share our body with) includes approximately 100 trillion microbes, outnumbering our own cells by 10 to 1.

Find out more about the microbiome.

Microbiota

'Microbiota' refers to the microorganisms (both probiotic and pathogenic) residing in the gastrointestinal tract. An imbalance in the microbiota is known as dysbiosis.

Find out more about the microbiota.

Microflora

Microflora generally refers to the microorganisms (including both good and bad bacteria) that reside in the digestive tract. As the term 'flora' refers to plants, however, the term microbiota is now considered to be more correct than microflora.

Microgenderome

This new area of research looks at the effect that host sex, and the various male and female sex hormones, have on our commensal gut flora. Early studies in to the 'microgenderome' reveal that sex does have a direct impact on the composition of our gut flora, which may provide researchers with a useful insight in to the complexities of many autoimmune conditions which have a strong 'sex bias' in the future.

Microvilli

Microvilli are microscopic hair-like protrusions on the tips of cells, that in the digestive system play an important role in the secretion of digestive enzymes and absorption of properly digested nutrients. Malabsorption problems can develop when these structures are damaged, as seen with coeliac disease. 

mmol/L

The international standard way of measuring blood glucose levels are in terms of a molar concentration, measured in mmol/L.

Mucin

A mucin is a glycosylated (where a carbohydrate molecule attaches to the protein) protein which is produced by the epithelial tissues. Their main characteristic is to be able to form gels, so play an important role in gel-like secretions which may have a lubricating, cell-signalling or protective function.

Mucosa

Mucosa, also known as the mucous membrane, refers to the moist lining of internal, hollow organs such as the mouth and gastrointestinal tract.

Murine

Murine refers to the family of rodents belonging to the Muridae family. These rodents include rats and mice.

Mycobiome

The term 'mycobiome' refers to the fungal populations in a given environment. Studies have demonstrated the existence of diverse fungal colonies throughout the human body, and suggest their importance in both health and disease. There are many different genera of fungi, including: Candida, Fusarium, Cladosporium and Aureobasidium.

Nausea

Nausea is an uncomfortable or unsettled sensation in the abdomen, that can be associated with an urge to vomit. This feeling can have a variety of causes including overindulgence, indigestion, infection, motion sickness and even psychological factors.   

Necrotising Enterocolitis

Necrotising enterocolitis is a condition occurring when part of the intestine is swollen or inflamed due to damage of the lining, often due to obstructed blood or oxygen flow during the perinatal period. Necrotising enterocolitis is the most common gastrointestinal surgical emergency in premature babies.

Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals involved in transmitting signals across synapses between neurons within the nervous system.

Nocebo

The nocebo effect is where an inert substance has a detrimental effect on human health. These are thought to be due to psychological or psychosomatic factors, which trigger actual biological reactions.

Nosocomial Diarrhoea

Nosocomial diarrhoea is diarrhoea occurring due to an infection acquired in hospital. Nosocomial diarrhoea is specifically not present prior to the patient's admittance to hospital, but occurs within 72 hours of being in hospital. C. difficile is recognised as the biggest cause of nosocomial diarrhoea.

NSAID

This acronym refers to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which are a class of pharmaceuticals that are prescribed for their pain- relieving and anti- inflammatory effects. Examples include aspirin and ibuprofen and these drugs are often used for conditions such as arthritis, headaches and period pain. A range of side effects are associated with their use such as nausea and gastric ulceration.

Observational Study

An observational study is a study in which a researcher observes behaviour in a structured manner, without actually being able to influence or interfere with the behaviour. Like with experiments, observational studies attempt to find the cause and effect relationship. Cohort studies and case-control studies are two main types of observational studies that help to evaluate associations.

Oesophagus

The oesophagus is the passage in the body where food passes from the pharynx to the stomach, aided by peristalsis - muscle contractions through the digestive tract.

Omega-3

Omega-3 is a type of polyunsaturated essential fatty acid which cannot be made by the body therefore we rely on dietary sources for our required intake. Omega-3s are needed for many of the body’s processes, and are important for brain and heart health. They are made up of 3 types of fat known as EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid), DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) and ALA (Alpha Linolenic acid). EPA and DHA can be found in fish and some plants oils, and ALA is found only in plant oils. 

Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress is the imbalance between the speed of production of free radicals (an oxygen-containing molecule that is very reactive with other molecules), and the body’s ability to counteract the harmful effects of these by producing protective antioxidants.

Panacea

A remedy that encompasses all.

Parallel group study

Parallel group study also referred to as randomised controlled trial, is a type of clinical study design. These studies involve two groups of participants, randomly assigned to receive different treatments. In some cases, one group will be given a placebo and the other group will receive the actual treatment.

Pathogenic bacteria

Pathogenic bacteria, or pathogens, are harmful bacteria that cause disease or illness. Well-known pathogens include Salmonella or most types of E. coli.

Pepsin

Pepsin is one of the body's key digestive enzymes, produced and activated by cells in the stomach. Its fundamental role is to help break down proteins into their smaller form, known as peptides. 

Peristalsis

Peristalsis refers to the wave-like contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle. In the digestive system these organised contractions propel ingested food through the Gastrointestinal tract. This passage through the GIT is very important. Poor digestion occurs when food moves too quickly, while food moving too slowly allows deposits of undigested food to ferment, leading to problems such as bloating. Without sufficient bulk (often due to a low fibre diet), normal peristalsis struggles to move the entire contents of the GIT along.

Phagocyte

Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell which play a vital role in the functionality of the immune system. Phagocytes perform the specific role of ingesting and absorbing pathogens or toxins, and can also release enzymes to destroy them. Once a phagocyte has engulfed a pathogen, it can communicate to other immune cells, such as lymphocytes, to help identify the type of antibody needed to neutralise invading pathogens.

Phylum

This is one of the categories used in the biological classification of organisms and is ranked below kingdom and above class. It is a scientific hierarchy used to help arrange similar types of organisms together. For example, members of the genus known as Lactobacilli belong to the Firmicutes phylum. 

Phytic acid

All plants contain phytic acid at varying levels to help protect them from predators. Unfortunately this form of self-defence may cause digestive problems in humans. Pulses such as lentils and beans have particularly high levels of phytates, which can be reduced by soaking them overnight in water. 

Pilot Study

A pilot study is a small study, experiment, or set of observations which are undertaken in advance of a planned large-scale project. It is used specifically to test aspects of the research design and to evaluate feasibility in advance of the project. This allows adjustments and improvements to be made prior to its start.

Pine Bark Extract

Pine Bark Extract is a derivative specifically extracted from bark of the pine tree, usually of the Pinus maritima. Pine Bark Extract is often classified as a superantioxidant, and is believed to have numerous benefits on the body including improved circulation, reduced period pain, as well as anti-ageing properties.

For further information, see antioxidants.

Placebo-controlled study

A placebo-controlled study is a clinical experiment in which the test subjects are split, usually, into two different control groups. One group will receive the medicine or supplement being trialled and the other will simply receive a placebo (a capsule, tablet, powder or liquid identical in appearance to the medicine or supplement being trialled but designed to have no measurable health effect). In most cases, placebos are used in blind trials where the control groups do not know if they are receiving the placebo or the real treatment.

Plasma

Plasma is one of the main components of blood. 55% of blood volume is made up of plasma. Plasma itself contains a mix of proteins (Albumin, fibrinogen and immunoglobulins), salts and hormones.

Polyphenols

Polyphenols are naturally occurring compounds, some of which are known to protect cells against the damaging effects of free radicals (therefore giving them antioxidant properties). They are broadly categorised into 4 mains groups; phenolic acids, stilbenes, lignans and flavanoids. Flavonoids are further classified into several groups. Flavanols, one of the group of flavonoids most abundantly found in fruit and vegetables, is made up of catechins and proanthocyanins, such as Grape Seed Extract.

Certain polyphenols are either specific to a particular food (e.g flavanones found in citrus fruit, resveratrol in red wine) and others are found in all plant foods (e.g quercetin is found in fruit, vegetables, cereals, legumes, tea & wine).

Research suggests that polyphenols, with their antioxidant properties, may play a role in the prevention of diseases, particularly relating to cardiovascular health and cancer prevention.

Pouchitis

Pouchitis, with symptoms such as diarrhoea and abdominal pain, is an inflammation of the ileoanal pouch, a bowel pocket created to hold bowel movements in patients with ulcerative colitis who have had their large intestine or colon removed. Whilst antibiotics are often used as treatment for pouchitis, research shows that people with pouchitis have lower levels of beneficial bacteria in their system.

Prebiotics

Prebiotics such as Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) can be found naturally in certain foods such as leeks and chicory root. Prebiotic fibres are a food source for probiotics to grow, multiply and survive in the gut; in particular stimulating growth of probiotics from the Bifidobacteria genus. For further detail into prebiotics, see: What are Prebiotics?

Premature

A premature, or preterm, baby is one that is born before 37 weeks of pregnancy.

Prevotella

Members of this gram-negative genus are closely related to bacterioides, and are commonly a cause of wound infections in cat and dog bites. In humans, they exist as opportunistic organisms which are implicated in periodontal disease and anaerobic (absence of oxygen) respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia.

Probiotics

Probiotics are microorganisms, usually bacteria, that have proven health benefits - for the digestive and immune systems in particular. Different probiotic strains have been shown to demonstrate different beneficial effects on the body. Although probiotics are commonly referred to as 'friendly bacteria', probiotics can be other microorganisms, for example the probiotic yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii.

For more information, see What are Probiotics?

Pro-inflammatory

This refers to anything that can promote inflammation. Cell death, histamine and pro-inflammatory cytokines could all promote an inflammatory response.

Prokaryotic cell

These are simple, single-celled organisms that do not have organelles or other internal membrane-bound structures. Critically they do not have a nucleus so only contain a single chromosome.

Prophylactic

This is a preventative measure used to help protect against or avoid a disease or condition occurring. For example, probiotics can be taken prophylactically to prevent food poisoning when travelling to a high risk area.

Proteobacteria

Also known as ‘purple bacteria’, this term refers to a major phylum of gram-negative bacteria which include pathogens such as E. coli and Salmonella. 

Pseudomembranous Colitis

Pseudomembranous colitis is an infection of the colon commonly, but not exclusively, caused by an overgrowth of Clostridium difficile in the large intestine. An overgrowth of C. difficile is commonly attributed to the taking of antibiotics. Known symptoms of Pseudomembranous colitis include diarrhoea, abdominal pain and a severe inflammation of the inner lining of the colon.

Psychobiotics

Probiotic bacteria that either directly or indirectly influence the gut-brain axis and confer a benefit to mental health.

Randomised controlled trial

When referring to clinical trials, randomised refers to a trial which is set up in a deliberately random or unpredictable way. Known as the gold standard of clinical trials, randomised controlled trials ensure that the participants in the study are allocated randomly to the study groups.

Rectum

The rectum is the space between the colon and the anus, where faeces are stored before bowel movements.

Ruminococcus

Belonging to the Clostridia class, this genus of bacteria is found in the human digestive tract and ferments ingested plant material.

Saccharomyces boulardii

Saccharomyces boulardii (or S. boulardii) is a unique probiotic yeast originally extracted from lychee fruit. It has a different biological make-up and differing actions from other probiotics species such as Lactobacillus acidophilus. Saccharomyces boulardii has undergone rigorous clinical research demonstrating its ability to bind to and flush out pathogens in the body. Newer research shows that Saccharomyces boulardii has strong anti-inflammatory properties.

Healthcare practitioners can find out more about Saccharomyces boulardii on the Probiotics Database. 

Serotonin

Serotonin is a neurochemical and hormone found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets. It is believed to play a key role in emotional behaviour and moods, and is often attributed to happiness. Many people do not know that most of the body's serotonin is located in your gut.

Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS)

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) usually occurs when part of the small intestine has been removed for surgical reasons, such as to treat necrotising enterocolitis or Crohn's disease. On the other hand, infants can sometimes be born with a congenital short bowel. Symptoms include severe diarrhoea, cramping, bloating and fatigue. No cure is currently known for short bowel syndrome. As most absorption of food and nutrients occurs in the small intestine, people with short bowel syndrome are unable to absorb sufficient volumes of water & nutrients from food to sustain life.

We do not recommend probiotics containing Lactobacillus acidophilus Rosell-52 for infants for those with Short Bowel Syndrome.

Short Chain Fatty Acid

These are a type of fatty acid which are produced by bacteria in the large intestine by the fermentation or breakdown of substances such as dietary carbohydrates. They are used by the body to produce energy and are metabolised in the liver and muscles.

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO), also known as Small Bowel Bacterial Overgrowth (SBBO), refers to a condition in which abnormal amounts of pathogenic bacteria are present in the small intestine.   It is generally caused by a lack of muscular activity in and around the small intestine, meaning that bacteria is not swept away into the colon as it should be. SIBO is associated with various digestive or even muscular conditions, including diverticulosis.  Symptoms of SIBO include bloating, vomiting and diarrhoea.

Species

'Species' refers to a type of microorganism existing within a genus or family. For example, acidophilus is the name of a species within the Lactobacillus genus. Different species within the same genus (eg. acidophilus and rhamnosus) are generally considered to be more closely related to each other than species from other genera (for example acidophilus is not closely related to the infantis species in the Bifidobacteria genus).

Various probiotic manufacturers use probiotics from the same genus and species, however one should always note the different strains used as well.

Statins

A group of prescription medicines that aim to lower the levels of LDL (‘bad’) cholesterol in the body.  Statins are often offered to those with a history of heart disease or genetically high cholesterol. There are several different statin brands, such as Lipitor and Lipistat. 

Statins are sometimes associated with a number of side effects so there may be advantages to trying to reduce cholesterol levels in other ways, such as by increasing intake of Omega-3 fatty acids in your diet. 

Statistically significant

Statistical significance in research is a measure used to determine the importance and relevance of data results. In research the p-value is used to determine if the result from the research is statistically significant or to determine the reliability of the findings. So if the p-value is <0.05 then the result/data is statistically significant.

Stool

This is another term for faeces, the solid waste produced in the colon, which is eliminated from the body through the rectum. Stool consists of undigested food, water, dead cells, bodily substances and bacteria.

Strain

A probiotic 'strain' is a specific biological variety of a species. For example, although many probiotic products contain the species Lactobacillus acidophilus, different manufacturers use different strains of acidophilus; and it is therefore important to select a robust, clinically-trialled strain. In the probiotic 'Lactobacillus rhamnosus Rosell-11' Lactobacillus is the genus, rhamnosus is the species, and Rosell-11 is the specific strain.

Strain-specificity

In probiotics, a strain refers to a certain variant within a species. An example of a species is 'acidophilus', and an example of an acidophilus strain is 'Rosell-52'. The strain tells you where a particular probiotic originated, what it was cultured on, and arguably the most important factor; what research has been conducted on that particular probiotic variant.  

Therefore 'strain-specificity' refers to the concept that the different effects of probiotics are variable right down to the level of the strains (and not just different families or species of bacteria).  This argument hence states that any health benefits from probiotics should be acknowledged right down to a particular strain. 

Supplement

The dictionary definition of a supplement is ‘Something added to complete something else, make up for a deficiency, or extend or strengthen the whole’. Relating this definition to the field of natural health we can say that the goal of dietary supplements is to ‘make up’ for dietary deficiencies and ‘strengthen’ health. Food or dietary supplements can comprise either: vitamins and minerals, herbal extracts, essential fats, enzymes, amino acids or probiotics/live cultures.

Sutterella

Sutterella wadsworthensis, is a recently discovered bacteria which tends to thrive in low oxygen, or anaerobic conditions. Strains of these bacteria have been associated with gastrointestinal infections, and may also play a role in inflammatory conditions such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Sutterella has also been linked to autism, with levels detected in the gastrointestinal tracts of children with this condition. 

Symbiotic

The term 'symbiotic' refers to the combination of more than one strain of probiotic. As different probiotic strains have different properties and settle in different areas of the gut, it is often beneficial to take more than one strain, unless seeking one specific probiotic strain in particular.

The word 'Symbiotic' should not be confused with 'Synbiotic', which refers to a combination of both probiotics and prebiotics. 

Synbiotic

The term 'synbiotic' refers to a combination of both probiotics and prebiotics in one supplement. Scientists have recently published an official definition for synbiotics as "a mixture comprising live micro-organisms and substrate(s) selectively utilised by host micro-organisms that confers a health benefit on the host".

Find out more about synbiotics. 

Systematic review

A systematic review is a literature review which analyses a collection of papers and research on a subject. They are usually based on questions which are set before the paper is written. A systematic review is designed to provide a complete and thorough summary of the current literature on a research subject.

Thorax

Thorax is the Latin and anatomical word describing the chest, or upper part of the body containing vital organs such the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures.

Thrush

Thrush is a fungal infection almost always caused by the overgrowth of Candida albicans. Symptoms of thrush include white spots in the mouth, sometimes accompanied by pain. Alternatively, see vaginal thrush.

Healthcare practitioners can find out about probiotics for thrush on our sister site, Probiotic Professionals.

Transient

'Transient' refers to something that is temporary; remaining for a short period of time. A transient probiotic strain is therefore one that passes through the gut without adhering to the gut wall lining.

Adhesion to the gut wall lining is often considered an important factor in determining probiotic quality, as a probiotic that adheres can in turn colonise the digestive tract and have a longer lasting effect on the body. Probiotic strains such as Lactobacillus acidophilus Rosell-52 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus Rosell-11 undergo tests with the Institut Rosell to ensure their adhesion to the epithelial cells of the gut.  

Certain probiotic species are, however, transient by nature. For example the unique Saccharomyces boulardii probiotic. A probiotic can be transient, and yet still have a positive effect on the human body.

Triglycerides

Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood, which are usually measured alongside cholesterol as a risk factor for heart disease. The body uses triglycerides for energy production, however when levels are too high it can pose certain health problems. Triglyceride levels above 200 are considered high, with an increased risk affecting women. Factors affecting triglyceride levels in the blood include being overweight, smoking, excessive alcohol use as well as some genetic disorders. 

Triphala

Triphala is an Indian Ayuverdic herbal formula which literally translates into English as 'three fruits'. The formula is made up of three fruit bearing plants; Harada, Amla and Bihara; which when taken together are thought to be beneficial in supporting digestive health - both in acting as a mild laxative and in cleansing the digestive system in cases of issues such as bloating. 

Triple Therapy

The standard medical treatment from the doctor for H. pylori is a 'triple therapy' which includes two different antibiotics in combination with an antacid known as a proton pump inhibitor.

Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which provokes inflammation and sores, or ulcers, in the rectal and colonic lining. Symptoms of ulcerative colitis include abdominal pain and diarrhoea.

Healthcare professionals can find out more about IBD on our sister site, Probiotic Professionals.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

A Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a type of cystitis (inflammation of the bladder), caused by an infection of bad bacteria in the urinary tract, usually E. coli. The symptoms are as for cystitis – a burning sensation on urination, and feeling the urge to urinate often. Treatment is with a short course of antibiotics, and for women who experience recurring UTIs then antibiotics on a long term basis can be given to reduce the risk of an infection returning.

Healthcare practitioners can read more about UTIs on our sister site, Probiotic Professionals.

Urogenital tract

The urogenital tract (also referred to as the ‘genitourinary system’) combines all the organs of the reproductive system and the urinary system. Namely the kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra, plus the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina in women, and testes, prostate, seminal ducts and penis in men.

Vaginal Thrush

Thrush, also known as Candidiasis or a yeast infection, occurs due to an overgrowth of yeast in the body, usually Candida albicans. Symptoms include mild to severe itching and soreness in and around the vagina.

Healthcare practitioners can find out about probiotics for thrush on our sister site, Probiotic Professionals.

Vaginal tract

The vaginal tract is usually referred to simply as the vagina. It is located between the urinary tract which is at the front, and the anal canal which is at the back, and extends from the entrance up to the cervix. Just as in the gut, the vaginal tract is lined with microflora which exist in a delicate balance and play an important role in the health of the female intimate area.

Find out more about the vaginal flora.

Villi

Villi are small finger like projections that cover the lining of the small intestine. They help to absorb nutrients from digested food. Their structure increases the surface area in the gut, allowing for more efficient nutrient absorption. 

Virus

A virus is a very small infectious microbe that can only replicate itself inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses on average are about 1/100th of the size of an average bacterium cell.

Xenoestrogens

Xenoestogens are compounds found in both natural and synthetic products that mimic oestrogen activity within the body, potentially leading to hormone disruption and imbalance. Synthetic xenoestrogens are found in products such as cosmetics, plastics, cleaning products and fire retardants. It is worth trying to look for products that do not contain parabens, phthalates and PCBs (polychlorinated bisphenols). 

Yeast

These one-celled microorganisms belong to the Fungi kingdom and are commonly used in the alcohol fermentation process and in baking. Some yeasts such as Candida albicans are mildly pathogenic to humans and others such as Saccharomyces boulardii have therapeutic uses.

Healthcare practitioners can find out more about Saccharomyces boulardii on the Probiotics Database. 

Yogurt Starter Kits

A Yogurt Starter Kit is a combination of specific bacteria strains, known as yogurt cultures, selected for their ability to change milk into yogurt. The yogurt cultures (usually in powdered form) are added to the milk and allowed to incubate. The bacteria consumes the lactose in the milk, and uses it to produce lactic acid which cause the milk proteins to coagulate, resulting in yogurt. The yogurt culture bacteria strains each have certain properties and are selected for their effect on the finished yogurt. For example, some types of bacteria produce more lactic acid which will result in a sour tasting yogurt & some bacteria strains create different textures in the milk, resulting in a thicker or more solid yogurt.

Zonulin

Zonulin is a protein molecule that modulates the opening and closing of tight junctions between cells of the wall of the digestive tract, allowing nutrients to pass in and out of the intestines. When too much zonulin is produced, the tight junctions between the cells of the gut lining open up too much, creating a situation known as leaky gut. Two triggers for the release of zonulin are the consumption of gliadin and gluten (found in certain grains).

Healthcare practitioners can find out more about zonulin and leaky gut on our sister site, Probiotic Professionals.